Chapter Two

“Cutting isn't just, ‘Hey, I'm depressed and I'm going to cut myself,’ it is more like:
‘I'm so stressed, so hurt, so confused, what do I do?’ For a second, you feel as if you
are in a complete state of cleanliness as if you are completely sin free because it has
all seeped out with your blood. When you finally stop, the pain, stress and confusion
all come back, but yet you do it over and over just for the second that you feel clean,
for the second that everything for once is no longer inside of you and for the time that
no matter what is happening around you it doesn't involve you.” (“Jenny” from
psyke.org)

While that may be a person’s individual experience of it, how does one begin to define
Self Injury? It’s meaning is so broad, yet can be summed up in itself. Harm against the
self. When a person hears this term, they immediately think of the “cutters and
burners”. But this disorder goes far beyond the one specific group.  Any form of
physical injury of the body which is intentional, is self-harm. An eating disorder is
considered self-harm. Banging your head against a wall is self-harm. Drug abuse is
self-harm. This increasing problem, amongst adolescents especially, delves not only
into the physical, but also the psychological realm. Negative self-talk is considered
self-harm. Staying in a destructive relationship is self-harm. Anything that can cause a
person emotional distress when they deliberately choose not to avoid it is... self harm.
(Interview #2 Dr Philomena Renna)

Self-injury can also be factored  into other psychological disorders such as Alcoholism,
severe obesity, Trichotillomania (compulsive ripping out hair), Kleptomania
(compulsive stealing), as well as countless others. (Interview #2 Dr P. Renna)


However, for the purpose of this research task I will only be concentrating on the
stereotyped aspect of SI, the “cutters and burners”. To focus on all areas of self-abuse
would be too broad and difficult to investigate  in only 5000 words. Each type of
“self-injury” would be a PIP in itself.

You’d be shocked to learn that this condition is quite common. Before you judge these
people, first take a look at yourself. Are you a nail biter? If yes, then you’re a
self-injurer too. Self-injury is defined as intentional tissue damage of any sort against
your own physical self. Sounds silly to consider something as typical as nail biting, but
you have to consider the emotions behind it as well as the act. Nervous reactions, that
can perhaps lead to something more...?

According to self-injury expert Favazza, self-injury falls into many, many categories,
but can be classified under three levels of severity. The first level is Superficial. This
section consists of the most basic levels of self-harm, such as nail biting, hair pulling
and head banging. Usually they’re just what are referred to as subconscious nervous
twitches, like someone biting their lip when they are worried.

The second division belongs to the mid-range, or Stereotypal self-injury. Here, is
where the self-harm becomes more compulsive and apparent. This is where the
category of cutting, burning, bruising, breaking bones, as well as interference with the
healing of such wounds are found. The majority of self-injurers are within this section,
and the levels of severity of their wounds can vary.

The final subdivision, and the most serious, is the Major, or Psychotic self harm. This
rarely occurs when the individual is of stable mind, and are infrequent acts such as eye
enucleation, limb removal and self-castration. These are usually performed when one is
experiencing hallucinations, whether they are drug induced or not, or when one is
experiencing extreme disassociation. (Favazza -1996- p23)

It is interesting to discover that this stage of mutilation is only evident in people of
Judeo-Christian background. Self-injurers of Eastern spirituality and/or background,
from the Asian nations to the  are not found to be performing SI (Self-Injury) at this
level of severity. The factor of Psychotic self-harm in Judeo-Christian backgrounds
may be in fact influenced by the bible. “If your hand or your foot causes you to sin, cut
it off and throw it away. It is better for you to enter life maimed or crippled than to
have two hands or two feet and be thrown into eternal fire. And if your eye causes you
to sin, gouge it out and throw it away. It is better for you to enter life with one eye
than to have two eyes and be thrown into the fire of hell.”
(http://wso.williams.edu/~atimofey/self_mutilation/Definition/What_is/major.html)

While I have not encountered anyone who has been a Psychotic self-harmer during my
research, I have interviewed self-injurers at varying levels of the Stereotypal category.
Some of which have been hospitalized because of the extent of their injuries.